I have seen tape used before but it doesn't last very long. I HATE that gooey crap honda uses on those rain guards. If you can't get the original stuff to stick anymore, use "spray glue". It is what I use. It is very cheap. Comes in a spray can.

About the inner door handle not opening the door; If the inner door handle worked before you removed the door panel then something either broke or became disconnected. I mentioned breaking the piece of plastic that secures the cable guide tube because I broke it the first time I removed one of these bastard door panels.