Well, you answered the first part of your question. When a CAI sucks up a puddle, that water goes straight into the engine.

The last one I saw that sucked a puddle bent the connecting rod that was on the compression stroke. The cylinder filled up with water, the valves all closed, and the piston tried to compress water into a space 9.2 times smaller than the cylinder. hehe...not gonna happen.

Luckily just the one rod got bent. The force wsa enough to stop the engine pretty much instantly. It basically hydro-locked. I would think that if you were driving hard and hit a puddle, the engine would have enough speed that it would run long enough to damage lots more. There's potential for broken connecting rods, broken or bent crank and probably blown valve seats as well.